circuit's design

THE 555 IC   Page 2  THE 556 The 556 is a DUAL 555. It contains two identical 555 timer circuits. The NE556/SE556 timers can be directly replaced by the CMOS types MC3456/MC3556. The following three pin-outs identify the 556 dual timer IC and the function of each pin.   Discharge is "in-phase" with the Output. (both are low at the same time) Threshold detects the high voltage on the capacitor and makes Discharge and Output go LOW Trigger detect the low voltage on the capacitor and makes Discharge and Output go HIGH    Output HIGH (mS) Output LOW (mS) Frequency (kHz)   Calculate the Frequency,  HIGH-interval and LOW-interval for a 555 in ASTABLE mode. See answer below for Monostable (Delay):     Delay Sec   HIGH Interval (T1) = 0.693 x (R1+R2) x C LOW Interval (T2) = 0.693 x R2 x C Frequency = 1.44 / ( (R1+R2+R2) x C) HOW TO USE THE CALCULATOR Enter values for R1, R2, and C and press Calculate to determine HIGH interval and LOW interval. For example, a 10k (R1),  100k (R2) and 100n will produce output time intervals of  7.62mS HIGH and 6.93mS LOW. The frequency will be about 70Hz and a Delay of 0.01sec. R1 should be greater than 1k and C should be greater than 50p. SUBSTITUTING A 555 A 555 (and the 556 varieties) can be replaced by low-power 555's such as TLC555, LMC555, ICM7555. This has been covered above.  In this section we will show how to replace any of the 555 or 7555 devices with a building block called a SCHMITT TRIGGER. The Schmitt Trigger chip we suggest is a 74c14 (40106 -CD 40106). This chip contains six Schmitt Triggers. It allows up to 6 building blocks to be created, similar to the capabilities of a 555. This is a much-more economical and professional way to designing a circuit and two other very important features are also provided. The Schmitt Trigger consumes less current and battery designs can be created. A Schmitt Trigger does not put noise on the power rails of a project and it can be used with other digital blocks without creating interference problems. Six gates in a single hex Schmitt trigger chip allows the designer to produce 6 different building blocks and quite complex circuits can be produced. The type of 555 circuit we are suggesting be replaced with a Schmitt design is one that meets one of more of the following criteria: 1. A design that needs to be upgraded and improved in "professionalism." 2. A design that needs to be reduced in quiescent current, 3. A design that uses more than one 555 4. A design that employs 555 IC's with digital IC's. A simple 555 design for a car, for example, does not need to be converted. THE 555 OSCILLATOR   The following diagrams show a free-running 555 oscillator and its Schmitt Trigger equivalent. The circuit can be called an OSCILLATOR, SQUARE-WAVE OSCILLATOR or FREE-RUNNING OSCILLATOR. The 555 can sink or source 200mA and the two diagrams show this: The only difference between the two circuits is the Schmitt version will draw about 10mA -15mA less. The 555 draws about 10mA for its internal operation and about 1mA - 5mA will be "wasted" through R2.  If the load is less than 25mA, the following circuits can be used:   The output of a single Schmitt Oscillator will drive a load up to 25mA, depending on the frequency of oscillation and the voltage of the supply. As the voltage decreases, the load current reduces. At 5v, the load will be a maximum of 10mA. As the load current increases, the output will not rise to 66% of rail voltage and the oscillator will "freeze."  PULSE GENERATOR Another name for "oscillator" is PULSE GENERATOR. The following circuit shows a 555 wired as a square-wave oscillator called a MULTIVIBRATOR. The output waveform is adjustable and is ideal for injecting into RF and IF stages. The square-wave is rich in harmonics and will pass through both RF and IF stages to produce a tone or "buzz" in the speaker.   CHANGING THE MARK-SPACE RATIO The MARK and SPACE are the HIGH and LOW values of a waveform. When a waveform is HIGH, it is called the MARK.  The diagram above shows MARK and SPACE durations of different lengths. Marks and spaces can be any length and can change during the production of a waveform. If the length of the mark is equal to the space, the waveform is said to have a 50:50 Mark:Space ratio, as shown below:   A waveform with a 50:50 Mark:Space ratio is produced by a 555 when the top resistor (called the DISCHARGE resistor) is very small compared to the TIMING resistor. This is shown in the diagram below: To increase the MARK, the Discharge resistor must be LARGE compared to the Timing resistor.     To increase the SPACE, a diode is needed as shown in the diagram below: The MARK:SPACE ratio can be adjusted without altering the frequency by connecting two diodes as shown in the diagram below: The two circuits above adjust the output from about 3% to 97% at a frequency of approximately 1kHz. You can use either pin 3 or pin 7 as they are "in phase" with each other. Pin 7 needs a pull-up resistor as the transistor connected to this pin is in an open-collector configuration. GATING THE OSCILLATOR The 555 oscillator can be turned on and off via a control line. This is called "Gating the Oscillator" or "Controlling the Oscillator." When designing this type of circuit, two things need to be considered: 1. The oscillator to be switched off with the output HIGH 2. The oscillator to be switched off with the output LOW The next consideration is: 3. The oscillator (block) to be switched off 4. The oscillator (block) to remain in circuit. There is an enormous difference between these designs. The main difference is the current consumption of the load, but the actual consumption of the chip can also be important. Take for example, these two circuits:   In the first circuit, the key is in the output and the chip draws current all the time. If the project is battery operated, it will need an on-off switch. The second circuit uses the key as the switch and the circuit will not need a switch. The difference is only 10mA but if the first circuit is left on, the battery will be dead in a few weeks. P 3